Learning Disabilities… What are they?

One of the most important tasks of an adult literacy educator today is to learn about how learning disabilities shape our work. While most established research and practice in the area of LD relates to children, there are now many organizations and resources designed to support adults with LD.

There are different kinds of learning-related disabilities

Perhaps the most common is dyslexia; a reading and spelling related disability that affects between 10 – 15% of the population. Dyslexia accounts for nearly 80% of all learning disabilities.

It is often; (but not always) accompanied by dysgraphia. That makes writing very slow and difficult, dyscalculia; which affects learning and using number concepts, dyspraxia; which affects short-term memory, organization skills and routine fine motor skills.

Furthermore, non-verbal (auditory or visual processing); disabilities affect verbal (speaking) processing, auditory processing (listening) and expression.

While diagnoses are helpful to adult learners who may have a learning disability; in practice, LD in adulthood can be difficult to accurately diagnose; as well as an adult in a literacy program may experience a range of learning difficulties; including emotional and self-esteem difficulties.

This is the official definition of a learning disability from the Learning Disabilities Association of Canada.

“Learning Disabilities” refer to a number of disorders; which may affect the acquisition, organization, retention, understanding or use of verbal or nonverbal information. These disorders affect learning in individuals who otherwise demonstrate at least average abilities essential for thinking and/or reasoning. As such, learning disabilities are distinct from global intellectual deficiency.

Learning disabilities result from impairments in one or more processes related to perceiving, thinking, remembering or learning. Furthermore, these include; but are not limited to: language processing; phonological processing; visual spatial processing; processing speed; memory and attention; as well as executive functions; (e.g. planning and decision-making).

Moreover, learning disabilities range in severity and may interfere with the acquisition and use of one or more of the following:

• Oral language (e.g. listening, speaking, understanding);
• Reading (e.g. decoding, phonetic knowledge, word recognition, comprehension);
• Written language (e.g. spelling and written expression); and
• Mathematics (e.g. computation, problem solving).
• LD may also involve difficulties with organizational skills, social perception, social interaction and perspective taking.
• Learning disabilities are lifelong. The way; in which they are expressed may vary over an individual’s lifetime, depending on the interaction between the demands of the environment and the individual’s strengths and needs. Learning disabilities are suggested by unexpected academic under-achievement or achievement; which is maintained only by unusually high levels of effort and support” (LDAC, 2002).

More ideas about learning disabilities

This definition includes; acquired learning disabilities; taking into account the effects of accidents, drug abuse, sickness, exposure to toxins; and so on; on people’s learning.

Importantly, LD not only affect education and schooling; they manifest in every aspect of people’s lives.

Learning disabilities often “walk beside” or “co-exist” with other neurological and/or social issues such as AD/HD, FASD, depression and so on. But these are not learning disabilities per se.

Learning disabilities exist independent of ethnicity, social class, language and social background.

While learning disabilities may significantly interfere with reading and writing processes; however, they do not prevent learning. Even people with very severe learning disabilities can learn. But they need specific strategies and accommodations; both inside the classroom and in their everyday lives (Hatt, 2003; Pannucci and Walmsley, 2007).

Many people prefer to think about LD as “learning differences”; or “learning difficulties” rather than disorders. In the United Kingdom, the term “learning difficulties” is used to refer to difficulties with learning; while “learning disabilities” refers to developmental or intellectual disabilities.

Many people also regard learning disabilities such as dyslexia as a “gift” or a way of seeing the world that affords creativity and new ideas. In this vein, some advocates and researchers call for strategies that recognize learners’ strengths and improve teaching.

Recent research in the vein of neuro-plasticity suggests that brains can change over time; and with specific exercises, people can re-learn or strengthen areas of difficulty.

How do we identify learning disabilities?

Moreover, learning disabilities in adulthood are most commonly identified according to the “discrepancy model” (Hatt, 2003; Erskine and Seymour, 2005); by which academic difficulties persist in spite of success in other areas of learning or everyday life, and in spite of the effort expended to learn.

In other words, a person who is a wonderful musician, community leader, successful and experiences consistent difficulties with reading, writing, spelling, finding their way around, and so on, regardless of how hard they try and how much instruction they have received, may have a learning disability.

 

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